Tuesday, August 2, 2016

Types of turbine blades

Introduction:-

                   The function of turbine is drive the compressor and accessories, and, in the case of the turboprop, the propeller, by extracting a portion of the pressure and kinetic energy from the high-temperature combustion gases.
In a typical Jet engine, about 75% of the power produced internally is used to drive the compressor.

Turbines:-

                      A portion of the kinetic energy of the expanding gases is extracted by the turbine section, and this energy is transformed into shaft horsepower which is used to drive the compressor and accessories. In turboprop and turbo shaft engines, additional turbine rotors are designed to extract all of the energy possible from the remaining gases to drive a power shaft.
A Turbine is a device which converts the heat energy of   steam into the kinetic energy & then to rotational energy

Types Of Turbine Blade:-
  ØImpulse
  ØReaction
  ØImpulse reaction

Impulse:-
Impulse machine are those in which there is no change of static or pressure head of the fluid in the rotor.

The rotor blades cause only energy transfer and there is no energy transformation. 


Energy transformation takes placed in fixed blades only.
Transfer of K.E to the rotor in an impulse turbine from high velocity fluid occurs only due to the impulsive actions of the fluid on the rotor.

Reaction:-
Reaction machines are those, in which changes in static or pressure head occurs both in stator and rotor blade passages.
The energy transformation occurs both in fixed as well as moving blade


The rotor experience both energy transfer as well as energy transformation.
The degree of reaction of turbomachine stage may be defined as ratio of static or pressure head occurring in rotor to the total change across the stages 

Impulse reaction:-
it is combination of both Impulse and Reaction

Difference Between Impulse & Reaction

Impulse
qDuring flow of steam   pressure drop only in the nozzle
qBlades are profile type
qPower developed is comparatively less
qBlades arne symmetrical
qNo.of stages required for given power is less
qEfficiency is less
qSteam velocity is more
qIt is suitable for small power required
qPressure remains constant while flowing over moving blades
qManufacturing of blades is easy and hence inexpensive

Wednesday, April 20, 2016

Thursday, February 18, 2016

Boeing 373 vs Airbus 320
here is no sport equal to that which aviators enjoy while being carried through the air on great white wings.
— Wilbur Wright, 1905

Airbus Price list of 2K16

Price adjustment for Airbus’ modern, fuel-efficient aircraft Family . Airbus has increased the average list prices of its aircraft by 1.1 per cent across the product line. The new pricing is effective from January 1st 2016. The 1.1 per cent price increase has been calculated according to Airbus’ standard escalation formula over the January 2015 to January 2016 period and takes into account the drop in materials and commodities prices.
“Our new 2016 price increase reflects the strong appetite from customers around the globe for Airbus’ comprehensive, modern and innovative product range,” said John Leahy, Airbus Chief Operating Officer, Customers. “We see demand for our aircraft continuing to grow across all size categories as our reliable, efficient product line enables customers to grow their businesses profitably as well as being favoured by passengers who want to travel in the most comfortable cabins.”
Airbus is the world’s leading aircraft manufacturer of passenger airliners, ranging in capacity from 100 to more than 500 seats. Airbus champions innovative technologies and offers some of the world’s most fuel efficient and quiet aircraft. Airbus has sold more than 16,300 aircraft to more than 380 customers worldwide. Of these, more than 9,500 aircraft have been delivered.

* * *
AIRBUS AIRCRAFT
2016 AVERAGE LIST PRICES (millions of US$)

A318 family 

A318  – Price : $75.1 millions
  • The Airbus A318 is the smallest member of the Airbus A320 family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin-engine jet airliners manufactured by Airbus
  • The A318 carries up to 132 passengers and has a maximum range of 3,100 nmi (5,700 km; 3,600 mi)


 A319 Family 

A319 : Price : 89.6 millions
A319neo : Price : $ 98.5 Millions
  • As a shortened-fuselage version of Airbus’ A320 cornerstone single-aisle jetliner, the A319 continues to prove its versatility – enabling carriers around the world to benefit from the aircraft’s range options and seat layout versatility.
  • n addition to the standard A319 124-seat configuration, Airbus offers an option with a seating capacity of up to 156 passengers – a version that is being ordered by an increasing number of low-cost airlines.

A320 Family 

A320 : Price – $ 98.0 millions
A320neo : Price – 107.3 Milions
  • The A320s are also named A320ceo (current engine option) after the introduction of the A320neo.
  • The aircraft family can accommodate up to 220 passengers and has a range of 3,100 to 12,000 km (1,700 to 6,500 nmi), depending on model
  • The A320 family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire flight control systems, as well as side-stick controls, in commercial aircraft. There has been a continuous improvement process since introduction.


A321 

A321 : Price – $ 114.9 Millions
A321neo : Price – 125.7 Milions
  • This aircraft has a stretched fuselage with an overall length of 44.51 metres, along with an extended operating range of up to 3,000 nautical miles while carrying a maximum passenger payload
  • The twin-engine A321 can be powered by either of two engine options: the CFM International CFM56 or International Aero Engines’ V2500. With a range of up to 4,000nm /7,400km., the A321 is capable of flying longer routes,
  • The A321 typically accommodates 185 passengers in a two-class configuration (16 in business class and 169 in economy)

A330 family 

A330-200 : $ 231.5 Millions
A330-800neo : $ 252.3 Millions
A330-200 Freighter : $ 234.7 Millions
A330-300 : $ 256.4 Millions
A330-900neo : $ 287.7 Millions
  • A330 have a range of 5,600 to 13,430 kilometres (3,020 to 7,250 nmi; 3,480 to 8,350 mi) and can accommodate up to 335 passengers in a two-class layout or carry 70 tonnes (154,000 lb) of cargo.
  • The A330-200 is a shortened, longer-range variant, which entered service in 1998 with Korean Air. Typical range with 253 passengers in a three-class configuration is 13,400 km (7,240 nmi; 8,330 mi). The A330-200 is ten fuselage frames shorter than the original −300, with a length of 58.82 m (193 ft 0 in)
  • The A330-300 is based on a stretched A300 fuselage 63.69 m (208 ft 11 in) long but with new wings, stabilisers and fly-by-wire systems. The −300 carries 295 passengers in a three-class cabin layout, 335 in two-class, or up to 440 in an all-economy layout. It has a range of 10,500 km (5,670 nmi; 6,520 mi). It has a large cargo capacity

A350 Family 

A350-800 :  $ 272.4 Millions
A350-900 :  $ 308.1 Millions
A350-1000 : $ 355.7 Millions
  • The A350 is the first Airbus with both fuselage and wing structures made primarily of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer. Its variants seat 280 to 366 passengers in typical three-class seating layouts.[10] The A350 is positioned to succeed the A330 and A340, and compete with Boeing’s 787 and 777.
  • The A350-800 is to seat 270 passengers in a three-class configuration with a 9-abreast seating, and have a range of 15,400 km (8,300 nmi)
  • The 268 tons MTOW A350-900 is the first A350 model and typically seats 325 passengers over a 7,590 nmi (14,060 km) range. Airbus says that per seat, the Boeing 777-200ER should have a 16% heavier MWE, a 30% higher block fuel consumption and 25% higher cash operating costs than the A350-900

A380 family

A380-800 : $ 432.6 Millions

Price depends on design weights, engines choice and level of selected customisation.
  • The A380’s upper deck extends along the entire length of the fuselage, with a width equivalent to a wide-body aircraft. This gives the A380-800’s cabin 550 square metres (5,920 sq ft) of usable floor space,40% more than the next largest airliner, the Boeing 747-8,
  • The A380-800 has a design range of 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km), sufficient to fly nonstop from Dallas, USA to Sydney, Australia, and a cruising speed of Mach 0.85 (about 900 km/h, 560 mph or 490 kn at cruising altitude).